NEP 2020 B.Sc. Botany first year syllabus "Certificate Course in Microbial Technology and Classical Botany"

Semester I

  • Year - I
  • Semester I
  • Paper - I (Theory)
  • Course code: B040101T
    •
  • Course title: Microbiology and Plant Pathology
  • Credits: 4 (Total 60 hours per semester)
  • Maximum marks: 25 (Internal evaluation) + 75 (External evaluation)
  • Total number of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): 4-0-0

B.Sc. Botany first semester syllabus

Detailed syllabus

Unit Topic Number of lectures
(60 hrs)
I A. Introduction to Indian ancient, Vedic and heritage Botany and contribution of Indian Botanists, in context with the holistic development of modern science and technology, has to be taught, practiced and assessed via class interaction/ assignments / self-study mentioned under Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE).
B. Microbial Techniques and instrumentation
Microscopy – Light, phase contrast, electron, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, staining techniques for light microscopy, sample preparation for electron microscopy. Common equipment of microbiology lab and principle of their working – autoclave, oven, laminar air flow, centrifuge. Colorimetry and spectrophotometry, immobilization methods, fermentation and fermenters.		 8
II Microbial world
Cell structure of Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Structure of a bacteria; Bacterial Chemotaxis and Quorum sensing, Bacterial Growth curve, factors affecting growth of microbes; measurement of growth; Batch culture, fed batch culture and continuous culture; Synchronous growth of microbes; Sporulation and reproduction and recombination in bacteria.
Viruses, general characteristics, viral culture, Structure of viruses, Bacteriophages, Structure of T4 and, λ-phage; Lytic and Lysogenic cycles, viroid, Prions and mycoplasma and phytoplasma, Actinomycetes and plasmids and their economic uses.		 8
III Phycology
Range of thallus organization in Algae, Pigments, Reserve food –Reproduction - Classification and life cycle of – Nostoc, Chlorella, Volvox, Hydrodictyon, Oedogonium, Chara; Sargassum, Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia.
Economic importance of algae - Role of algae in soil fertility- biofertilizer – Nitrogen fixation- Symbiosis; Commercial products of algae –biofuel, Agar.		 7
IV Mycology
General characteristics, nutrition, life cycle, Economic importance of Fungi, Classification up to class. Distinguishing characters of Myxomycota: General characters of Mastigomycotina, Zygomycota: Rhizopus, Ascomycota: Saccharomyces, Penicillium, Peziza. Basidiomycotina: Ustilago, Puccinia, Agaricus; Deuteromycotina: Fusarium, Alternaria. Heterothallism, Physiological specialization, Heterokaryosis and Parasexuality. 		7
V Mushroom Cultivation, Lichenology and Mycorrhiza
Mushroom cultivation.
General account of lichens, reproduction and significance; Mycorrhiza: ectomycorrhiza and endomycorrhiza and their significance.		 7
VI Plant Pathology
Disease concept, Symptoms, Etiology and causal complex, Primary and secondary inoculum, Infection, Pathogenicity and pathogenesis, Koch’s Postulates. Mechanism of infection (Brief idea about Pre-penetration, Penetration and Postpenetration), Disease cycle (monocyclic, polycyclic and polyetic). Defense mechanism with special reference to Phytoalexin, Resistance- Systemic acquired and Induced systemic fungicides- Bordeaux mixture, Lime Sulphur, Tobacco decoction, Neem cake and oil. 		7
VII Diseases and Control
Symptoms, Causal organism, Disease cycle and Control measures of – Early and Late Blight of Potato, False Smut of Rice/ Brown spot of rice, Black Stem Rust of Wheat, Alternaria spot’ and ‘White rust of Crucifers, Red Rot of Sugarcane, Wilting of Arhar, Mosaic diseases on tobacco and cucumber, yellow vein mosaic of bhindi, Citrus Canker, Little leaf of brinjal, Damping off of seedlings, Disease management: Quarantine, Chemical, Biological, Integrated pest disease management. 		8
VIII Applied Microbiology
Food fermentation and food produced by microbes, amino acids, Production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, alcoholic beverages, organic acid and genetic recombinant vaccines. Mass production of bacterial biofertilizers, blue green algae, Azolla and mycorrhiza. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and biopesticides–Trichoderma sp. and Pseudomonas, Single cell proteins, Organic farming inputs, Microbiology of water, Bioploymers, Bioindicators, biosensors, Bioremediation, Production of biofuels, biodegradation of pollutants and biodeterioration of materials and Cultural Property. 		8

This course can be opted as an elective by the students of following subjects: Open to all but special for B.Sc. Biotech, B.Sc. Microbiology, B.Sc. Agriculture, B.A. (Curators), B.A. Archaeology, B.A. Geology, BAMS.

Internal Evaluation Method (25 Marks)

Internal assessment Marks
Quiz 5
Class Interaction 5
Seminars 7
Assignment (Charts/ Flora/ Rural Service/ Technology Dissemination) 8
Total 25

External Evaluation Method (75 Marks)

Theory examination as per University guidelines

  • Year - I
  • Semester I
  • Paper - II (Practical)
  • Course code: B040102P
    •
  • Course title: Techniques in Microbiology and Plant Pathology
  • Credits: 2 (Total 30 hours per semester)
  • Maximum marks: 25 (Internal evaluation) + 75 (External evaluation)
  • Total number of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): 0-0-2

Detailed syllabus

Unit Topic (Minimum any three from each unit depending on facilities) Number of lectures
(30 hrs)
I INSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUES
  1. Laboratory safety and good laboratory practices.
  2. Principles and application of Laboratory instruments-microscope, incubator, autoclave, centrifuge, LAF, filtration unit, shaker, pH meter.
  3. Buffer preparation and titration.
  4. Cleaning and Sterilization of glasswares.
  5. Preparation of media- Nutrient Agar and Broth.
  6. Inoculation and culturing of bacteria in Nutrient agar and nutrient broth.
  7. Preparation of agar slant, stab, agar plate.
  8. Phenol Coefficient method to test the efficacy of disinfectants.
 7
II BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION
  1. Isolation of bacteria.
  2. Identification of bacteria.
  3. Staining techniques: Gram’s, Negative, Endospore, Capsule and Cell Wall.
  4. Cultural characteristics of bacteria on NA.
  5. Pure culture techniques (Types of streaking).
  6. Biochemical characterization:
    IMViC, Carbohydrate fermentation test, Mannitol motility test, Gelatin liquefaction test, Urease test, Nitrate reduction test, Catalase test, Oxidase test, Starch hydrolysis, Casein hydrolysis.
 8
III MYCOLOGICAL STUDY
  1. Isolation of different fungi: Saprophytic, Coprophilous, Keratinophilic.
  2. Identification of fungi by lactophenol cotton blue method. Rhizopus, Saccharomyces, Penicillium, Peziza, Ustilago, Puccinia; Fusarium, Curvularia, Alternaria.
  3. Agaricus: Specimens of button stage and ful grown mushroom; Sectioning of gills of Agaricus.
  4. Lichens: crustose, foliose and fruticose specimens.
 8
IV PHYCOLOGY
  1. Type study of algae and Cyanobacteria –Spirullina, Nostoc. Chlorophyceae - Chlorella, Volvox, Oedogonium, Cladophora, and Chara; Xanthophyceae – Vaucheria; Bacillariophyceae – Pinnularia Phaeophyceae – Sargassum Rhodophyceae - Polysiphonia.
 7
V EXPERIMENTAL PLANT PATHOLOGY
  1. Preparation of fungal media (PDA) and Sterilization process.
  2. Isolation of pathogen from diseased leaf. Identification: Pathological specimens of Brown spot of rice, Bacterial blight of rice, Loose smut of wheat, Stem rot of mustard, Late blight of potato; Slides of uredial, telial, pycnial and aecial stages of Puccinia, Few viral and bacterial plant diseases.
 8
VI PRACTICALS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY-1
  1. Isolation of nitrogen fixing bacteria from root nodules of legumes.
  2. Enumeration of rhizosphere to non rhizosphere population of bacteria.
  3. Isolation of antagonistic Pseudomonas from soil.
  4. Microscopic observations of root colonization by AM fungi.
  5. Isolation of Azospirillum sp. from the roots of grasses.
  6. Isolation of phyllosphere microflora.
  7. Isolation of P solubilizing microorganisms.
 8
VII PRACTICALS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY-2
  1. Wine production.
  2. Isolation of lactic acid bacteria from curd.
  3. Isolation of lipolytic organisms from butter or cheese.
  4. Immobilized bacterial cells for production of hydrolytic enzymes.
  5. Enzyme production and assay – cellulase, protease and amylase.
  6. Immobilization of yeast.
  7. Isolation of cellulolytic and anaerobic sulphate reducing bacteria.
  8. Isolation and characterization of acidophilic, alkalophilic and halophilic bacteria.
 8
VIII PRACTICALS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY-2
  1. Cultivation of Spirulina, and Chlorella in lab for biofuel.
  2. Visit to NBAIM, Mau, Varanasi (Kashi)/ IMTECH (Institute of Microbial Technology), Chandigarh for viewing Culture Repository.
  3. Visit to biofertilizers and biopesticides unit to understand about the Unit operation procedures.
  4. Mushroom cultivation for Protein.
  5. Alcohol production. from Sugarcane Juice.
 6

This course can be opted as an elective by the students of following subjects: Open to all but special for B.Sc. Biotech, B.Sc. Microbiology, B.Sc. Agriculture, B.A. (Curators), B.A. Archaeology, B.A. Geology, BAMS.

Internal Evaluation Method (25 Marks)

Internal assessment Marks
Quiz 5
Class Interaction 5
Seminars 7
Assignment (Charts/ Flora/ Rural Service/ Technology Dissemination) 8
Total 25

External Evaluation Method (75 Marks Practical)

External assessment (Practical) Marks
Viva-voce on Practicals 10
Report of Botanical Excursion/ Lab Visits/Industrial training/ Survey/Collection/ Models 10
Table work / Experiments 45
Practical Record File 10
Total 75

N.B. Botanical Excursion/ Lab Visits/Industrial training is compulsory


Semester II

  • Year - I
  • Semester II
  • Paper - I (Theory)
  • Course code: B040201T
    •
  • Course title: Archegoniates & Plant Architecture
  • Credits: 4 (Total 60 hours per semester)
  • Maximum marks: 25 (Internal evaluation) + 75 (External evaluation)
  • Total number of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): 4-0-0

B.Sc. Botany second semester syllabus

Detailed syllabus

Unit Topic Number of lectures
(60 hrs)
I Introduction to Archegoniates and Bryophytes
Unique features of archegoniates, Bryophytes: General characteristics, adaptations to land habit, Range of thallus organization. Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Riccia, Marchantia , Anthoceros and Sphagnum. (Developmental details not to be included). economic importance of bryophytes.		 7
II Pteridophytes
General characteristics, Early land plants (Rhynia). Classification (up to family) with examples, Heterospory and seed habit, stelar evolution, economic importance of Pteridophytes		 8
III Gymnosperms
Classification and distribution of gymnosperms; Salient features of Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales and Gnetales, their examples, structure and reproduction; economic importance.		 8
IV Palaeobotany
General account of Cycadofilicales, Bennettitales and Cordaitales; Geological time scale; Brief account of process of fossilization and types of fossils and study techniques ; Contribution of Birbal Sahni.		 8
V Angiosperm Morphology (Stem, Roots, Leaves and Flowers, Inflorescence)
Morphology and modifications of roots; Stem, leaf and bud. Types of inflorescences; flowers, flower parts, fruits and types of placentation; Definition and types of seeds.		 7
VI Plant Anatomy
Meristematic and permanent tissues, Organs (root, stem and leaf). Apical meristems and theories on apical organization - Apical cell theory, Histogen theory, Tunica - Corpus theory. Secondary growth - Root and stem- cambium (structure and function) annular rings, Anomalous secondary growth - Bignonia, Boerhaavia, Dracaena, Nyctanthes. 		7
VII Reproductive Botany
Plant Embryology, Structure of microsporangium, microsporogenesis , Structure of megasporangium and its types, megasporogenesis, Structure and types of female gametophyte, types of pollination, Methods of pollination, Germination of pollen grain, structure of male gametophyte, Fertilization, structure of dicot and monocot embryo, Endosperm, Double fertilization, Apomixis and polyembryony.		 8
VIII Palynology
Pollen structure, pollen morphology, pollen allergy , Applied Palynology: Basic concepts, Palaeopalynology, Aeropalynology, Forensic palynology, Role in taxonomic evidences. 		7

This course can be opted as an elective by the students of following subjects: Open to all but special for B.Sc. Biotech, B.Sc. Microbiology, B.Sc. Agriculture, B.A. (Curators), B.A. Archaeology, B.A. Geology, BAMS.

Internal Evaluation Method (25 Marks)

Internal assessment Marks
Quiz 5
Class Interaction 5
Seminars 7
Assignment (Charts/ Flora/ Rural Service/ Technology Dissemination) 8
Total 25

External Evaluation Method (75 Marks)

Theory examination as per University guidelines

  • Year - I
  • Semester II
  • Paper - II (Practical)
  • Course code: B040202P
    •
  • Course title: Land Plants Architecture
  • Credits: 2 (Total 30 hours per semester)
  • Maximum marks: 25 (Internal evaluation) + 75 (External evaluation)
  • Total number of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): 0-0-2

Detailed syllabus

Unit Topic (Minimum any three from each unit depending on facilities) Number of lectures
(30 hrs)
I Bryophytes
Marchantia- morphology of thallus, W.M. rhizoids and scales, V.S. thallus through Gemma cup, W.M. gemmae (all temporary slides), V.S. antheridiophore, archegoniophore, L.S. sporophyte (all permanent slides). Sphagnum- morphology, W.M. leaf, rhizoids, operculum, peristome, annulus, spores (temporary slides); permanent slides showing antheridial and archegonial heads, L.S. capsule and protonema.		 8
II Pteridophytes
  1. Lycopodium: Habit, stem T. S. stobilus V. S.
  2. Selaginella: Habit, rhizophore T. S, stem T . S, axis with strobilus, V.S. of strobilus, Megasporophyll and microsporophyll.
  3. Equisetum - Habit, rhizome and stem T.S. and V. S. of strobilus.
  4. Azolla – Habitat and its structure.
 7
III Gymnosperms
  1. Cycas – seedling, coralloid root and coralloid root T. S., T. S. of leaflet and Rachis, micro and megasporophyll, male cone V. S., microsporophyll T. S. entire and V. S. of ovule.
  2. Pinus - Branch of indefinite growth, spur shoot, T. S of old stem and needle R.L.S and T. L. S. of stem, male and female cone, V.S. of male and female cone.
  3. Ephedra and Thuja: Habit, stem T. S (young and mature), leaf T. S, male and female strobilus, V. S. of male and female cone, ovule V. S. and seed.
 8
IV Palaeobotany and Palynology
  1. Morphology of Rhynia and fossils gymnosperms and other groups.
  2. Visit Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences or virtual conference with their scientists to learn fossilization.
  3. 3. Mark and know about Indian geographical sites rich in plant fossils.
 6
V Angiosperm Morphology
  1. To study diversity in leaf shape, size and other foliar features.
  2. To study monopodial and sympodial branching.
  3. Morphology of Fruits.
  4. Inflorescence types- study from fresh/ preserved specimens.
  5. Flowers- study of different types from fresh/ preserved specimens.
  6. Fruits- study from different types from fresh/preserved specimens.
  7. Study of ovules (permanent slides/ specimens/photographs)- types (anatropous, orthotropous, amphitropous and campylotropous).
  8. Modifications in Roots,stems, leaves and inflorescences.
 8
VI Plant anatomy
  1. Normal and Anomalous secondary thickening - Bignonia, Dracaena, Boerhaavia diffusa, Nyctanthes.
  2. Study of primary and secondary growth in the root and stem of monocots and dicots by section cutting and permanent slides.
  3. Study of internal structure of dicot and monocot leaves.
  4. Study of structure of stomata.
 8
VII Reproductive Botany
  1. Structure of anther, microsporogenesis and pollen grains.
  2. Structure of ovule and embryo sac development (through slides).
  3. Study of embryo development in monocots and dicots.
  4. Vegetative propagation by means of cutting, budding and grafting exercises.
  5. Study of seed germination.
  6. Study of pollen morphology of the following plants –Hibiscus, Vinca, Balsam, Ixora, Crotalaria, Bougainvillea by microscopic observation.
  7. Calculation of pollen viability percentage using in-vitro pollen germination techniques.
 8
VIII Commercial Uses and Production technology
  1. Azolla production.
  2. Production technology of Resins.
  3. Production and propagation of Ornamental Pteris, Cycadales, Coniferales for landscaping.
  4. Lab method for qualitative testing/ extraction of Ephedrine ,Taxol and Thuja oil.
 7

This course can be opted as an elective by the students of following subjects: Open to all but special for B.Sc. Biotech, B.Sc. Microbiology, B.Sc. Agriculture, B.A. (Curators), B.A. Archaeology, B.A. Geology, BAMS.

Internal Evaluation Method (25 Marks)

Internal assessment Marks
Class Interaction 6
Field work /Virtual/E-learning /Participation in group discussions 7
Industrial or Central laboratory training of two weeks in summer/winter (Compulsory) 12
Total 25

External Evaluation Method (75 Marks Practical)

External assessment (Practical) Marks
Viva-voce on Practicals 10
Report of Botanical Excursion/ Lab Visits/Industrial training/ Survey/Collection/ Models 10
Table work / Experiments 45
Practical Record File 10
Total 75

First published on 29-07-2021
Last updated on 30-01-2022

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